MYC and hepatocellular carcinoma: Given that the RAS/MAPK and AKT/mTOR/c-Myc pathways are frequently activated in almost 50% of HCC patients [46], we performed hydrodynamic tail vein transfection of N-Ras and c-Myc proto-oncogene activation forms, which were stably integrated into the hepatocyte genome after transient expression of Sleeping Beauty transposase (SBT), for HCC induction.