IRS1 and Insulin resistance: As molecular switches, microRNAs regulate key pathways by targeting insulin signaling (e.g., miR-103 and miR-107 suppress IRS-1), inflammatory cascades (e.g., miR-21 and miR-146a activate NF-κB and MAPK pathways), and lipid metabolism (e.g., miR-33 inhibits ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux), thereby exacerbating insulin resistance and metabolic imbalance [42-46].