MMP9 and central nervous system cancer: Serum levels of GAL-1 (OR: 1.052, 95% CI: 1.008–1.098, p < 0.05), GAL-8 (OR: 1.890, 95% CI: 1.111–3.215, p < 0.05), ITGβ-1 (OR: 1.017, 95% CI: 1.007–1.027, p < 0.01), HIF-1α (OR: 1.016, 95% CI: 1.006–1.025, p < 0.01), and MMP-9 (OR: 1.023, 95% CI: 1.003–1.044, p < 0.05) were positively related to diagnostic efficacy and were identified as independent risk factors for glioma.