MMP2 and glioma: Therefore, within the scope of this project, the roles of GAL-1, GAL-3, and GAL-8 in glioma pathogenesis and the possible link between gliomagenesis and the serum levels of ITGβ-1, HIF-1α, MMP-2, and − 9 parameters associated with hypoxia, angiogenesis, and migration, were evaluated in newly diagnosed and untreated LGG and HGG.