TNF and myocardial infarction: While CME-induced MINOCA as well as MI demonstrated a largely analogous profile of plasma inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1α and IL-1β) (Fig. 4a), differences in INF-γ (higher in MI) (Fig. 4b) and IL-10 (higher in MINOCA) (Fig. 4c) levels support the concept of distinct inflammatory responses, which require further investigation including the identification of relevant leukocyte subsets in both infarction types.