CD274 and neoplasm: The scope of this modelling study has three main rationales: (1) NSCLC has significant public health relevance especially in lower income countries; (2) multiple PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors (i.e., atezolizumab, cemiplimab, pembrolizumab) have been approved as first-line monotherapy, showing superior patient survival compared to chemotherapy, and offering a practical advantage for roll-out in lower income countries compared to combination treatments; and (3) molecular profiling of tumour cells for EFGR mutation status and PD-L1 expression can be used to identify patients most likely to benefit.