MT-RNR1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: MOTS-c, encoded by functional short open reading frames in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), discovered by Lee et al. [18] in 2015, promotes the biosynthesis of the endogenous AMP analogue AICAR, which activates AMPK, and may have potential for preventing type 2 diabetes by slowing the aging process [41].