TNF and atherosclerosis: For instance, beta‐D‐glucans, a major polysaccharide class, have been shown to modulate immune responses and reduce systemic inflammation by interacting with TLRs and suppressing pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), which are critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance (Klupp et al. 2015).