For instance, in vitro and in vivo research indicates that KPF can modulate pivotal signaling pathways (e.g., Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB) to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid dysregulation, thereby offering therapeutic benefits in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (8, 9). The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.