For T1DM, prior case reports have indicated that the infusion of in vitro-differentiated insulin-producing cells derived from ADSCs into patients led to sustained stabilization of blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (27), and a prospective dual-arm clinical trial demonstrated that autologous ADSCs combined with bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (BM-HSCs) enable sustained glycemic regulation (28). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.