CCL2 and neoplasm: A vitro study demonstrates that bidirectional crosstalk between human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and malignant melanoma cells (MMCs) in an indirect co-culture model significantly enhances tumor-promoting behaviors, including migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, via upregulation of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, IL-8, CCL2), matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP-2), and oncogenic mediators (CXCL12, PTGS2, IL-6, HGF) (49, 50).