Recent evidence reveals the spatiotemporal co-evolution of TLS and TILs during tumor progression, wherein immature TLS mature into organized FDC networks with HEVs (32, 33), while TILs transition from naïve/effector to memory/exhausted phenotypes, with longitudinal studies showing that TLS germinal center maturation correlates with CD8+ T cell proliferation but also eventual exhaustion, underscoring their dynamic interplay in antitumor immunity (34). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.