TNF and neoplasm: M1-polarized macrophages are immune-effector cells that exhibit antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties by producing pro-inflammatory and immune-stimulating cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-15 (IL-15) (9), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (10–12).