Importantly, these functions are specific to DN and related pathologies, as citrate-injected nephrin-Y3F mice still develop moderate GBM thickening and effacement over time (Figures 5E and 5F), and charge-based injuries like protamine sulfate administration can lead to effacement in the absence of YDxV phosphorylation.39 This evidence concerns the gene NPHS1 and liver dysplastic nodule.