TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: co‐cultured human ESC‐derived motor neuron (MN) spheroids with an endothelial cell (EC) barrier in microfluidic devices, revealing that bidirectional signaling between the neural and vascular networks aided in the formation of synaptic junctions and neuronal function[113] The same group developed an ALS‐on‐a‐chip device by co‐culturing skeletal muscle bundles and human iPSC‐derived motor neurons into a spheroid, providing insights into ALS pathogenesis and highlighting the importance of autophagy and degradation of TAR DNA binding protein–43 (TDP‐43) in the MNs.[114] Machado et al.