PIN1 and autism spectrum disorder: Other players have been reported as being involved in the autism spectrum disorder: peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA interaction 1 (Pin1) that recognizes the serine/threonine-proline motif of phosphorylated substrates, and has an important role in inflammation; and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) (p38 kinase is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the MAPK family and is activated by environmental stress and inflammatory signals) [93].