VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: The effects of radiation at this level are not limited to CD44 expression only; they encompass a wide range of other endothelial cell receptors, including integrins, selectins, and immunoglobulin superfamily receptors such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which are all known to be involved in chronic inflammatory reactions and the development of atherosclerosis [54].