Moreover, we verified the therapeutic effect of the ginsenoside derivative AD-1 in STZ-induced T1DM mice and observed downregulation of key target proteins (e.g., NFKB1 and HDAC1) in the mouse pancreas, thus providing a basis for innovative applications of ginsenosides in the treatment of diabetes (Figure 1). Here, NFKB1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.