CASP9 and lung cancer: Consistent with previous reports, D-LMN has been shown to modulate the expression of apoptosis-related genes, including p53, BAX, and BCL-2 in colon cancer cells [7], and BCL-XL, Cytochrome c, and pro-caspase 9 in lung cancer cells [5], as well as BCL-2 and BAX in skin tumors [36].