TNF and psoriasis: Activated keratinocytes subsequently release inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) and chemokines (e.g., C–X–C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-1, CXCL2, C–C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), and CXCL8), which further interact with immune cells to establish and sustain the immunological circuits of psoriasis [9].