CGAS and pulmonary fibrosis: Finally, Liu et al. [57] demonstrated that in the lungs, nasal instillation of PS nanoplastics induces pulmonary fibrosis through mitochondrial DNA release that activates the cGAS-STING pathway, leading to oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, with inhibition of STING significantly reducing lung damage.