REL and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In the study population, which includes all asthma and COPD patients, and the control group (CG), notable relationships were observed between c-Rel and PKA (β = 0.241, p = 0.035), CREB (β = 0.256, p = 0.025), MMSE (β = 0.288, p = 0.011), and ATMS (β = 0.273, p = 0.016) (B-H-corrected significance level 0.047).