PNPLA3 and Hepatic fibrosis: PNPLA3 I148M results in hepatic lipid accumulation, the induction of lipotoxicity and lipo-apoptosis in hepatocytes, and the production of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, and chemokines, all leading to the recruitment and activation of macrophages and HSCs, thereby promoting liver fibrosis [35].