Although the study had limitations, the results suggest that the accumulation of these metals in ovarian tissue may be associated with increased proliferation rates in borderline or malignant epithelium In another study, Sawicka and colleagues assessed the interaction between cadmium, 17β-estradiol (E2), and its metabolites (2-methoxyestradiol [2-MeOE2] and 16α-hydroxyestrone [16α-OHE1]) on the viability and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression levels in the cisplatin-resistant SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line [69]. The gene discussed is PGP; the disease is ovarian carcinoma.