SOD1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Additionally, alpinetin has been shown to upregulate superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) [28], which contributes to reducing disease severity in a metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) [44].