TGFB1 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: In prostate cancer, TGF-β stimulates cellular migration, triggering cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell cycle activation through several proteins, including the SMAD family, Cdc42, and Rho A. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, blocking TGF-β-mediated fibroblasts activation prevents cell proliferation, tumor development and metastatic spread [38].