TP53 and lung cancer: Caffeine induces apoptosis through the PI3K pathway [12,13] and p53 [14]; reduces cell proliferation and cancer cell spreading [15,27]; induces cell cycle arrest in cancer stem cells [16]; reduces VEGF activity in colon cancer under hypoxia conditions [28,29]; and potentiates the action of cisplatin in lung cancer [30], with in vivo evidence of fibrosarcoma inhibition when combined with metformin [36].