ALB and squamous cell carcinoma: This included histological subtypes (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, p < 0.01), TNM stages (with a more pronounced effect in stage III–IV, p < 0.001), smoking status (p = 0.002), nutritional status based on albumin levels (p < 0.001), and age groups (greater effect in patients >65 years, p < 0.01).