TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are implicated in IBD pathogenesis, with CD being associated with Th1/Th17 responses, producing cytokines like IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, whereas ulcerative colitis features a Th2 response, with IL-5 and IL-13 activating B cells and NK T cells [149,150].