TGFB1 and neoplasm: As discussed (Section 6.6), blocking TGF-β signaling is one approach; others include using myeloid cell inhibitors (such as colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) blockers to reduce suppressive macrophages) or adding IL-12 or other cytokine therapies to boost T helper 1 (Th1) responses in the tumor.