MMP2 and cancer: It interacts with Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), modulating its nuclear localization and transcriptional activity, and inhibits cancer cell growth, motility, and invasion by downregulating HIF-1α target genes like Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA), Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) [6,7].