NPPB and nutritional deficiency disease: We hypothesized that malnutrition, as assessed to be of moderate or high nutritional risk by the nutritional risk index for Japanese hemodialysis patients (NRI-JH); low muscle mass, defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS 2019) [10]; and elevated levels of NT-proBNP are each independently associated with increased mortality among hemodialysis patients, and that the presence of multiple concurrent risk factors would further worsen prognoses.