ULK1 and heart failure: The inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake has been shown to increase AMPK activity and activate mitochondrial autophagy via the AMPK/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) signalling pathway [131,132], thereby promoting a protective effect against cardiac effects during the progression of heart failure.