Therefore, either other ISGs might be specifically up-regulated in active smokers or the reason is independent from ISGs, which might be more likely because we also did not observe an overproduction of IFNα, the major ISG regulator, in S. Baseline viperin levels were reduced in COPD compared to NS as where RSV-induced viperin expression after seven days. The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.