The inclusion of both IDH wild-type GBM and IDH mutant grade 4 astrocytoma, along with age and sex imbalances in the control and AFTV groups, may have introduced heterogeneity and influenced the interpretation of survival outcomes, although a sub-analysis restricted to IDH wild-type GBM yielded similar trends. This evidence concerns the gene IDH1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).