AKT1 and cancer: The mechanisms contributing to a decreased response to sorafenib include the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways, the inhibition of pro-apoptotic signals, the presence of cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and hypoxia-driven responses (19).