CD274 and neoplasm: These carcinogens can induce DNA damage, exacerbate chromosomal aberrations, activate oncogenic signaling pathways, and promote carcinogenesis (47).Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tobacco specific nitrosamines, or aromatic amines generated from processed food materials via smoking, frying, barbecuing, improper fermentation, excessive heating, and spoilage are strongly associated with patient outcomes, tumor progression, the tumor immune microenvironment, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, and DNA damage in lung cancer (48).