As expected, in vitro analysis of BMDMs from Ifnar1−/− and WT mice showed no difference in IFNβ secretion following infection with L. interrogans (Fig 3A); however, the expression of ISGs, such as Ifit1, Ifit3, Ifi44, and Zbp1 was significantly diminished in L. interrogans infected Ifnar1−/− BMDMs compared to WT (Fig 3B). Here, IFI44 is linked to infection.