UFL1 and infection: While deletion of ipaH9.8 did not affect UFL1 recruitment to S. flexneri, we observed a higher decoration of UFM1 in S. flexneri ΔipaH9.8 compared to WT at 3 hours post infection (2.6 ± 0.5-fold), which further increased (4.4 ± 0.6-fold) in the case of the double mutant ΔrfaCΔipaH9.8 (Fig. 3c–e, and Extended Data Fig. 5a–e).