UFM1 and infection: At later timepoints (5 hours post infection) the levels of UFM1 decoration were higher and non-significantly different for S. flexneri WT, ΔipaH9.8 and the double mutant ΔrfaCΔipaH9.8 (37.8% ± 30.6%, 54.6 ± 26.7%, 60.6% ± 12.1%, respectively, Extended Data Fig. 5a–e).