Several mechanisms associated with endothelial dysfunction have been reported, including increased oxidative stress, inflammation, the dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system and/or the renin-angiotensin system (Incalza et al. 2018; Della Corte et al. 2016; Jiang et al. 2022; Noureddine et al. 2024). Here, REN is linked to endothelial dysfunction.