The higher abundance of proteins associated with miscarriage, recurrent pregnancy loss and preterm birth such as pregnancy zone protein (PZP) [41], annexin A5 (ANXA5) [42], vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) [43] and heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) [44] in the secretome of CC treated hPFTSECs of our study is consistent with earlier studies showing a higher rate of abortion and pregnancy loss in CC-induced pregnancies compared to spontaneous conceptions [8, 45]. The gene discussed is ANXA5; the disease is spontaneous abortion.