Microbiome diversity has also been shown to influence radiotherapy outcomes in HCC, with enriched genera such as Faecalibacterium linked to improved responses through cGAS-STING-IFN-I pathway activation, whereas dysbiosis and loss of microbial signals such as cyclic di-AMP impair immune-mediated tumor control, as demonstrated in both patients and mouse models [83]. Here, STING1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.