TSC1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Research indicates that cortical tubers and SEN/SEGAs (subependymal giant cell astrocytoma) typically arise from similar genetic alterations, often characterized by the loss of the second allele of either TSC1 or TSC2 somatic mutations leading to TSC onset that have been observed in both mouse and human models, highlighting the critical role of mutations in NPCs.