TNF and Alzheimer disease: In 5xFAD mice, sustained Avn-C treatment initiated at the early AD stage significantly reduced cytokine levels by ~35.3% for TNFα (n = 3), ~32.3% for IL-6 (n = 4), and ~47.8% for IL-1β (n = 5) compared to vehicle 5xFAD mice (p < 0.001).