Our data further support the involvement of caspase-4 in the activation of various neuroinflammatory markers, including t-tau, VEGF, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-6, in response to P. gingivalis-LPS in both SH-SY5Y and HMC3 cells, all of which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases [31,49]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.