GRN and acute kidney injury: Additional experimental data in models of endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) show that PGRN deficiency exacerbates renal injury, including increased BUN/SCr, higher tubular damage scores, elevated apoptosis (as indicated by TUNEL staining, altered Bax/Bcl-2, and increased cleaved caspase 3), and heightened inflammatory responses [34].