For example, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α in osteoporosis can enhance TRAF6 signaling, triggering the increased activity of NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways in osteoclasts, thereby promoting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption (Xu et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and osteoporosis.