Preclinical studies reveal their dual therapeutic effects: in metabolic disease models, SR9009 reduces systemic inflammation and improves glucose homeostasis (Hong et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020), while in renal fibrosis models, it attenuates TGF-β-mediated collagen deposition (Takaguri et al., 2025). Here, TGFB1 is linked to metabolic disease.