CD24 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: For instance, exosomes overexpressing CD24, combined with damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), inhibit NF-κB pathway-mediated inflammation and have shown safety and efficacy in mouse models of lung diseases like sepsis, allergic asthma, COPD, and pulmonary fibrosis (Tsioulos et al., 2022; Grigoropoulos et al., 2024).