TNF and infection: During mumps virus (Wu et al., 2016) and Zika virus (Ma et al., 2016; Uraki et al., 2017) infections, both LCs and Sertoli cells trigger innate immune responses, leading to increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α, in response to the recognition of viral RNA.