CD8A and infection: Among the 19 infection-specific proteins identified in serum-derived EVs (Table 1), 16 were also detected in at least one of the three infected cell line-derived EVs (TaXJS, TaBC, or TaDC), including parasite-derived proteins such as actin 1, CD8+ T cell antigen Ta9, and HSP70 (Additional file 3: Table S1).