Total TDP-43 quantified by SIMOA immunoassay in plasma-derived small EVs demonstrated very high diagnostic discrimination (area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99 of ALS cases against healthy controls, 0.85 of FTD against healthy controls, and 0.91 of ALS against FTD), with good consistency across two cohorts [24]. Here, TARDBP is linked to frontotemporal dementia.