An additional study of plasma-derived EVs similarly detected seven proteins which were increased in abundance in both discovery (12 ALS patients and 12 healthy controls) and validation (49 ALS patients and 20 healthy controls) cohorts; fibrinogen alpha, beta and gamma chains (FIBA, FIBB, FIBG), Von Willebrand factor (VWF), Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), Complement component C9 (C9) and proteoglycan-4 (PRG-4), again reflecting proteins non-CNS origin [193]. This evidence concerns the gene VWF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.